Lola Montez Memoiren Kerstin Wilhelms ed.
(Frankfurt: 1986).
Erich Pottendorf Lola Montez: Die spanische
Taenzerin (Zurich, Vienna, Leipzig: Amalthea Verlag,
1955).
JGC revised this file
(http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/1p/montez.htm) on
September 12, 2004.
Please E-mail comments or suggestions to
© 1999, 2004 James Chastain.
Lola Montez,(Dolores Eliza Gilbert) (1818-1861) Born into an
Irish family, but of uncertain parentage, she won fame as a
dancer and adventuress. She took a Spanish name to enhance her
professional image as an Andalusian-Moorish dancer. After
continental successes on stage and in the hearts of numerous
admirers, she arrived in Munich in 1846 where she captured
another heart, that of the 61-year-old King of Bavaria, Ludwig I,
who was himself both an eccentric monarch and a notorious ladies'
man. Lavish in his expenditures on art, including his well known
Gallery of Beauties, Ludwig was thrifty elsewhere. His taxes and
reactionary policies had caused discontent among his subjects as
early as 1830. His low salaries for civil servants did not
endear him to this essential segment of Bavaria's population.
Montez attempted to use her influence with the king to change
government policy and to improve her own position in the kingdom.
Her first interference in Bavarian politics was to plead for
higher salaries for teachers. Such action on the part of a
foreign woman was viewed with suspicion by conservatives.
Although both Ludwig I and Lola Montez maintained that the
relationship was platonic, the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic
church and the conservative Catholic ministers under Karl von
Abel opposed her. Her liberal leanings antagonized this group as
well. Ludwig wanted Montez made a Bavarian citizen so that he
could confer upon her the title of countess. The conservative
government refused the king's request and resigned in 1847. The
new government, the first in Bavaria to be headed by a
Protestant, was more liberal and agreed to the king's request.
Lola Montez became the Countess of Landsfeld and the Protestant
ministry began a reform of the justice administration and the
curriculum of the University of Munich; among the measure was the
dismissal of professors who had supported Abel, making support
of Lola Montez a political issue at the University of Munich.
Conservative professors, who had been dismissed by the new
liberal government, and their students opposed her. Others
formed a special corps, the Alemannia, to defend her honor. The
students opposing Montez petitioned to disband the Alemannia in
February 1848. The ensuing student riots caused led Ludwig to
close the university, which in turn enraged the Munich populace,
already unfavorable of Lola Montez. The livelihood of many
depended upon student spending, so Ludwig was pressured to reopen
the university and to dissolve the Alemannia. Despite the
departure of Lola Montez on February 12, 1848 for Switzerland,
Bavarian citizens demanded more reforms, and, on March 6, the
King granted a free press and ministerial responsibility. This
was not enough to appease the growing opposition, and Ludwig's
final gesture was abdication in favor of his son Maximilian.
Ludwig's friendship with the liberal Lola had proven to be the
last straw for the long-suffering Bavarians, who had found his
behavior over the years unseemly for the monarch of a Catholic
kingdom. The revolution in Bavaria was exceptional for Germany
in 1848 in that a conservative government was returned and the
liberals expelled. But elsewhere in Germany, Liberalism did not
have to defend its association with a woman having the liberal
personal reputation of a Lola Montez. The exiled Countess of
Landsfeld spent her repentant final years in the United States
and died at the age of forth-three in Astoria, New York.
Marie Wagener
Bibliography